Based on our analysis, we stress the need for EV-specific cybersecurity solutions. We also provide an overview of possible future directions to guarantee the security and privacy of the EVs ecosystem. To address the highlighted threats, we present possible solutions that might be implemented. Focusing on the Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) paradigm, we provide a detailed analysis of all the processes that an attacker might exploit to affect the security and privacy of both drivers and the infrastructure. We analyze the threats associated with both the EV and the different charging solutions. In this paper, we provide the first in-depth study of the security and privacy threats associated with the EVs ecosystem. Although multiple contributions in the literature explored cybersecurity aspects of particular components of the EV ecosystem (e.g., charging infrastructure), there is still no contribution to the holistic cybersecurity of EVs and their related technologies from a cyber-physical system perspective. The new framework enables us to have a proof-of-work scheme with time-hardness or memory-hardness while cutting down power consumption and reducing the impact of dedicated hardware.Įlectric Vehicles (EVs) share common technologies with classical fossil-fueled cars, but they also employ novel technologies and components (e.g., Charging System and Battery Management System) that create an unexplored attack surface for malicious users. Under a trusted setting, we propose a framework and its constructions based on computationally hard problems and the unified definition of hard cryptographic primitives by Biryukov and Perrin (Asiacrypt’ 17). In this work, we turn our eyes back to the original meaning of “proof of work”. However, in industry, proof-of-work is done by highly dedicated hardware, e.g., “ASIC”, which is not generally accessible, let alone the high energy consumption rates.

A widely adopted hash-based construction achieves an optimal gap in computational complexity between provers and verifiers. Provers are asked to solve a computational puzzle, and verifiers need to check the solution’s correctness. A proof-of-work scheme involves two types of participants, i. Proposed by Dwork and Naor (Crypto’ 92) as an anti-spam technique, proof-of-work is attracting more attention with the boom of cryptocurrencies.

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